Wednesday, 1 April 2015

BATTLE FOR ASO ROCK AND THE NIGERIAN EXPECTATION FROM RELIGIOUS PERSPECTIVE



INTRODUCTION
Definition of terms
Aso Rock: Aso Rock is a large outcrop (The part of a rock formation that appears above the surface of the surrounding land) that is in the outskirts of Abuja, the capital of Nigeria. The Aso Rock is a 400 meter monolith and is the city's most noticeable feature. The Nigerian Presidential Complex, Nigerian National Assembly, and Nigerian Supreme Court are located around it. Much of the town extends to the south of the rock. "Aso" means victorious in the native language of the (now displaced) Asokoro ("the people of victory").
Battle for Aso Rock: This is a struggle for political power. It is apparent that the fight for the presidential position in 2015 election would be a titanic battle. The race for the presidential election is gathering momentum by the day. The south-easterners believe that it’s time for them to produce a president. In spite of their socio-economic contribution to the development of the country this is the first time one of their own became president.
Religious perspective: this could mean how religious groups concerned with sacred matters, religion or the church see something or regard situations or topics.

CHAPTER ONE
2015 Election Palaver
The forth coming election seem to be in a confused state. Some factors emphasize this:
Attacks On Jonathan- The attacks on the convoy of President Goodluck Jonathan and on his supporters in the north last week worry me. His motorcade was stoned in Kebbi, Katsina and Bauchi. One of his supporters was killed and five vehicles were burnt after the Kano rally. These bring to mind similar incidents before the 2011 elections. Over 800 lives were eventually lost and property worth billions destroyed. Violent attacks on the president of a country, no matter his "offence", should never be overtly or covertly encouraged. Any presidential candidate should be able to campaign anywhere in Nigeria no matter his "offence"
Fayose's Folly: The quality of people in charge of Nigeria is not the best, but it is more pathetic when you have an Ayo Fayose up there. His recent newspaper advert in which he tried to use death as a campaign tool to frighten people about Gen. Muhammadu Buhari's health is the cheapest campaign stunt I have ever seen in my life. Who knows tomorrow? Even if Buhari has cancer, who told Fayose that people with cancer die faster than others? Seemingly healthier people die every day in accidents or from heart attacks, while cancer patients may even live up to 90!
Run-Away Soldiers: We've been told that we are not winning the war against Boko Haram because of corruption, leading to the under-equipment of our soldiers. However, Col. Sambo Dasuki (rtd), the national security adviser, has added another dimension to the debate: cowardice. He said some soldiers simply run away from battle, having joined the military basically out of unemployment. He said 4000 rounds of heavy ammunition and six APCs were captured from the military in Baga as soldiers fled when Boko Haram approached. In fairness, you cannot have as many APCs and such heavy ammunition and still claim to be under-equipped.
No Postponement: There are fears that the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) may not be ready for the 2015 elections because of the permanent voters' card (PVC) issue. Col. Sambo Dasuki (rtd), the national security adviser, said he advised INEC to shift the election within the three-month window to avoid disenfranchising 30 million Nigerians. I think he has a good point, but it is too late in the day to suggest that now.
Before INEC fixed February for the polls, all these issues should have been factored in. Now it has been moved to March. No more postponement please, even by one hour. Let's just allow sleeping dogs lie.

1.2 Jonathan and Buhari battle for Aso Rock

Jonathan has the power of incumbency on his side but the Northerners seem to be united and have a large population as the biggest zone.
Winning the March 28 presidential election is not going to be a stroll in the park for President Goodluck Jonathan of the ruling People’s Democratic Party(PDP) or Gen. Mohammad Buhari of the All Progressives Congress (APC) for that matter. But, the APC standard bearer seems to enjoy the momentum, going by the good run he and his party is enjoying in the media. This is crucial because when it comes to elections, public perception cannot be waved aside just like that; particularly in this age, with the advancement in the world of information communication technology.
The PDP, which has been at the helm of affairs at the centre for the past 16 years, had been having it so easy in previous elections, because most of the parties in the opposition were regional-based, weak and fragmented. It was clearly foreseen that with the coming of the APC, which has transformed the country into a two-party state, a competitive contest was in the offing. In fact, it is said that this was the reasoning that propelled the move to form the APC, immediately after the 2011 elections. The ruling PDP saw it coming. But, since old habits die hard, it could not turn a new leaf overnight. In that regard, the APC has been more proactive. Internal democracy has been a major problem for most Nigerian political parties. But, the APC has demonstrated willingness for change in this respect with the manner it conducted its recent presidential primary, where Buhari was picked as the party’s flag bearer. The opposition party has sent a strong signal to the ruling party with its decision to conduct the primary, even though it was clear to everyone that Buhari is the best man for the job, compared to the other aspirants. In the same vein, many observers believe that, as a sitting President, Jonathan would have equally picked up the party’s presidential ticket, if the party had allowed a free and fair election to take place. The clear message is that, for the first time since 2003, the PDP is facing a genuine challenge of being defeated at the polls.
 Indeed, Jonathan faces a tough re-election battle. He appears to be confronted with a crisis of credibility. Analysts say he came with a lot of promise, but seems to have disappointed a lot of Nigerians who voted for him in 2011. Such Nigerians say the President has squandered the opportunity handed to him because one of his campaign messages of having no shoes as a young man moved them and they felt they could trust someone who comes from within their ranks. The underdog factor also worked in his favour when he was contesting the 2011 election, following the way the cabal in the late Umaru Yar’Adua’s administration tried to prevent him from taking over power, even though it was obvious that his principal was incapacitated.
Being an incumbent comes with the benefits and advantages of having something to showcase. It provides an opportunity to make more promises of a better tomorrow. Yet, the same incumbency factor opens the occupant of the office to a lot of criticisms about errors committed, things left undone or things that could have been done better. The perception of the public is that President Jonathan has performed below par. He would not have found himself in a situation where he would be struggling for his re-election had he delivered on key promises. The President’s team is not doing much to improve his poor public perception.
The APC has been exploiting this, by not giving him a breathing space; the party has stayed on the message all the time. The refrain of APC is that the PDP has run the country aground. It regularly cites the brazen corruption, the widespread insecurity and the worsening insurgency in the Northeast as reasons why Nigerians should vote for change.
It is not as if the mild-mannered Jonathan does not have achievements to flaunt. But, against the mountain of expectations, the general perception is that Jonathan, 56, has performed below par. In August 2012, Jonathan claimed he was the world’s most criticised president. This prompted him to vow to become the most praised before he leaves office.
With the changing political landscape in the country, which has whittled down the enormous advantages hitherto enjoyed by the ruling party, it is clear that the era of impunity is over.

 


CHAPTER TWO

Religious perspective of the battle for Aso rock
Christian body in the country; under the umbrella of Christian Association of Nigeria, CAN, has warned President Goodluck Jonathan to ‘tighten his seat belt’ in the New Year, or honourably resign and vacate the Aso Villa.
Chairman of the South- East chapter of CAN and the Anglican Bishop of Enugu, Rt. Rev. Dr. Emmanuel Chukwuma handed this warning to Jonathan in a New Year message released on Tuesday. The cleric said that President Jonathan must rise to the challenges facing his administration, especially the alleged cases of corruption in the polity, unemployment and epileptic power supply. The cleric avowed that if Jonathan fails to live up to expectation, he should prepare to vacate the Aso Rock in 2015.
Bishop Chukwuma who said that doom awaits the ruling Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, in the New Year noted that except the likes of Chief Tony Anenih and Alhaji Bamanga Tukur retire from active politics, the party would continue to face greater calamities.
“If those elders I warned before to retire don’t retire, then the party will be in trouble in 2014. At 80, Anenih should retire; Bamangar Tukur should retire. These people should now serve as elders and advisers; if they do that, PDP will get its dignity back, but while you still have these analogue leaders and elders in the party and the polity, forget about PDP in 2015,” he warned. He called on President Jonathan to be focused in the New Year to avoid attracting the wrath of the greater percentage of Nigerians, noting that since the buck stops at his table, all blames of every failure in his government would be completely laid at his doorstep.
Chukwuma said, “The letter between Obasanjo and Jonathan is a boomerang of Obasanjo’s selfish act in enthroning a president of his choice for Nigeria.
“There are many better leaders out there than Jonathan who would have been elected, but Obasanjo selfishly maneuvered Jonathan into leadership by first putting a sick Yar’Adua in power. Because he couldn’t control him anymore, he started writing letters. “That is why Jonathan must be focused in 2014 in order to prove himself worthy for 2015. “Failure to do that and he gets distracted and doesn’t prove himself, and Nigeria continues with the way it is today with corruption, no light, poverty, unemployment, I beg him, he should just step aside, let us seek for a better leader in 2015. “He has tried in the last six years, and rather than the thing getting him into trouble, and cause him more tension, I think Nigeria is greater than everybody, all of them should give way and give room for new spirit to rule Nigeria from 2015,” he said. Bishop Chukwuma however called on Nigerians to be more faithful to God by pursuing peace and righteousness.
In a Media Chat, Jonathan’s campaign valedictory was “We should all work dedicatedly for the unity and peace of this nation as we celebrate our country.
Any attempt by anybody to fuel violence or confusion will call for the review of our amalgamation,”
2.2 Nigerians expectation of the battle for Aso Rock
For the 2015 elections it would have been preferable to have an opposition that is based on ideology and the clamor for change based solely on the failure of the Jonathan government to deliver at the national levels. After all many state governors failed to deliver at the state levels and many local government chairmen are mere crooks. The upcoming general elections in Nigeria elections are brewing a lot of anger, dissatisfaction, hatred, bitterness and vengeance.
The coming days are going to be tougher for Nigerians. The global price of oil is dropping by the day. The government as it appeared has not saved for the rainy days despite being mainly a single-market economy, relying heavily on the sales of crude oil for sustainability.
Almost 60 years of maladministration may catch up with Nigeria, suddenly. Lack of foresight and lack of planning for the future may catch up with Nigeria. Greed, selfishness and corruption may catch up with Nigeria. Allowing corrupt and silly people including dictators to rule in Nigeria may catch up with Nigeria. These ingredients-elections under uncertainties, deep seated hatred between and among tribes, religion brainwashes, bitterness and a failing economy likely to make monsters out of men-in a country already on a free fall might spell disaster unless a Nigerian-styled fire brigade shock absorber is set off early.
The success of the elections, the outcomes and the acceleration of quick-fixes that may beam of hope will sustain the resilient spirits of Nigerians. It may put the mayhem on hold in western Nigerian and other places.
There is nothing that is too late in life. It’s still about a month to the elections. Who will embark on the rapid nation-wide campaign to down tone the influence of religion as the countdown to the election days draw near? Will INEC? What about the Ministry of Information? What will happen in Adamawa, Yobe and Borno during the elections? Who will put a hold to the financial recklessness at Aso rock? Who will stop the draining of funds from the APC states so that the people can have more benefits? Will it require Jonathan worshipping in a mosque or Buhari conducting a church service to show ignorant Nigerians that religion is not supposed to be significant in public service?

Ekiti State Governor, Mr. Ayodele Fayose, has described the All Progressives Congress as capable of causing chaos in Nigeria with the statements being made by its leadership. Fayose, in a statement made available to Saturday PUNCH on Friday, blamed the APC for what he called a “campaign of hate.”He described the APC presidential candidate, Maj. Gen. Muhammadu Buhari, as an “Islamist who is out to return power to the northerners and implement Islamic agenda.”He said this could trigger crisis in the Niger-Delta area of the country in the South-South, where President Goodluck Jonathan of the Peoples Democratic Party hails from. Buhari, on the other hand, is from the North-Western part of the country.
2.3 Buhari and the Burden of Expectations
To be honest, I don't know whether to rejoice or sympathize with Gen. Muhammadu Buhari anytime I read all the sweet comments about him on social media especially on Twitter. I don't know any presidential candidate who has been so idolized in recent times which is an excellent accolade any politician will gladly take. On the one hand, it is good for him. He will not be complaining at all. No politician will complain about such good fortune, especially with only a few weeks to an election. On the other hand, the expectations are sky-high.  From what I am reading, Buhari is expected to perform nothing short of magic in Aso Rock if he wins the presidential election.
Buhari's growing popularity, particularly on the social media, scares me at times. In an attempt to market him, some chaps have gone overboard, designing and spreading beautiful disinformation about him such that even the former head of state has had to come out to clarify one. For instance, there is a message being circulated that Buhari's daughter is married to an Igbo man. Those who invented the rumour had a good intention: they wanted to prove to the world that he is not a bigot. But Buhari, perhaps honest to a fault, has denied it. He said none of his children is married to an Igbo man. Interestingly, the rumour was attributed to Obasanjo by one of the broadcasters!
There is even another social media rumour that Buhari does not collect his full pension. A Blackberry broadcast I got a while ago said while all former heads of state collect N27 million per month as pension, Buhari rejected the "bogus amount" and asked to be paid only 10% of it. The person who originated the rumour said he personally went to the Ministry of Finance to confirm the figure. Buhari never rejected any part of it, it is his legal right. Why would he not collect it? Good enough, Buhari has not anchored his campaign on any of these phantom stories. He has based his campaign on two promises — to fight corruption and to tackle insecurity. These issues speak directly to the heart of the average Nigerian. BokoHaram has made our lives miserable. What we thought was a mere neighbourhood gathering of some religious zealots some years ago has developed into a massive bomb that is shattering the peace and eating away at our territorial integrity. Buhari, as a retired general, is expected to wipe out BokoHaram if he wins. Also, corruption is, to put it mildly, a pounding headache. As a celebrated man of integrity, Buhari is expected to finish off corruption with one blow to the head. Unfortunately, many Nigerians could be very fickle. Imagine the nicknames young people would start calling Buhari on Twitter by this time next year if he has not performed some magic —assuming he wins the presidential election. They derided President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua even on his deathbed. President Goodluck Jonathan's honeymoon lasted for barely six months. The guys that called him "breath of fresh air" started calling him "shoeless and clueless" as soon as he withdrew fuel subsidy in January 2012. I don’t think Jonathan ever recovered from the massive blow the subsidy issue dealt on him. Buhari's honeymoon, if he wins, would not last for six months, trust me. One of the confessions of Obasanjo in 1999 was that the world had changed remarkably since 1979 when he left power. As a military man, he could get things done by fiat. As a democrat, he needed to go through the National Assembly to get a simple budget passed. He needed to "lobby" them to make laws for the good of Nigeria. Judges were dragging their feet on corruption cases until he resorted to self-help through the EFCC. These are some of the realities Buhari would also face if he wins. The Nigeria he led in 1985 is not the same today. Getting things done in a democracy is a different ball game altogether. God help Buhari if, assuming he wins, he is unable to stop BokoHaram's suicide bombers. God help him if the terrorists continue to grab more villages under his watch. God help him if his government has not created 2.5 million jobs by May 2016 — as promised by his party, the All Progressives Congress (APC). God help him if we are still unable to enjoy steady power supply two years into his tenure. God help him if the courts are yet to jail any corrupt politician three years into his tenure. God help him if crude oil prices skyrocket and he has to increase fuel price or pay N1trillion annually on subsidies. He won't find it funny!
Unfortunately, the reality is that Nigeria will not change overnight. There are no shortcuts to solving some of our deep-seated problems. The road ahead is very rough, particularly as crude oil — the livewire of our economy — continues to tumble, pricewise. Truth is no matter who wins the presidential election — whether it is Jonathan or Buhari — there are tough decisions ahead. Tough decisions about the oil industry, electricity tariffs, military action against BokoHaram which may come with collateral damage, downsizing the civil service, among others.
In an interview with The Cable last year, Buhari said: "Nigerians have to be prepared to suffer for at least five straight years before we can stabilise this country, security wise and economically." In other words, there are no fertilisers to accelerate the development of Nigeria. I do not blame Nigerians for being impatient. The only thing a hungry man wants to hear is “food is ready”, not “food will be ready”. But a more realistic expectation is that no matter who is president, we need policy consistency, commitment and funding for at least 10 solid years before we can be anywhere near South Korea or Singapore. Rome was not built in a day. The tough truth remains that no one man will change or transform Nigeria overnight.







Conclusion
There is no unifying factor on ground in 2015. In the time past, male football has helped to hold Nigeria together. Nigeria is not playing at the 2015 Nations Cup.
The omen up to March does not look good. Additional characteristics for building a successful future for Nigerians and the unborn generations must be elaborated: long term developmental goals, functional political structures, devolution of power to states/regions, true federalism, purposeful implementations of programs to diversify the economy, focus on education, science and technology, dedication to people and country and the respect for the equal value of the human life. All of these will be useful.
A country is the sum of the people’s wisdom or foolishness. Nigeria tamed her men and women of valor and good characters. Stupidity was elevated in public offices.
As Nigerians we are expected to stop raining insults on Northerners and avoid maligning innocent Muslims. A President is the father of the nation.
The President’s handlers should worry more about how the goodwill of 2011 got frittered away in such a jiffy.

References
Daily post Nig. CAN’s warning to President Jonathan; election, a season of uncertainties. January 01 2014.
Punch newspaper. Thy glory o’ Nigeria; it hasn’t been a great year. Saturday 27 December 2014.
This day live newspaper. Buhari and the burden of expectations. Friday 20 February 2015.

Tuesday, 10 March 2015

CHRISTIAN ATTITUDE TOWARDS CONFLICT

INTRODUCTION
The development of any society must be attributed to the impact the different Christians that existed in them contributed. The Christian must have both material and spiritual backup in order to stand very well.
It must have essential ingredients for its development. Such ingredients are justice, love and peace. These are the qualities that cannot be imposed by force but with low and gentle approach. They cannot exist in a nation if they do not exist in the heart of men and in the minds of people of that nation especially the Christians. Many have asked whether there are positive roles of Christianity in the society towards conflict, and it has shown that Christianity teaches how to have deep faith in God. Man learns through Christianity an obligation to himself, to his fellow human beings, towards his society or nation he belong towards conflict.
According to Ibenwa, etal (2010:132) ‘ethnic and religious crises persisted in Nigeria because of lack of political will by our leaders to bring the perpetrators to book. During conflict, Christians tends to unite individuals, communities and nations under one umbrella. They believe in the virtue of ‘thou shall love your neighbout as yourself’ as a strong Christian slogan that should be regarded as number one law during conflict.



1.1     RELIGION AND CONFLICT
Samuel Huntington (1996:254) argues that in the post cold war era, cultural and religious differences replace ideologies as the more probable cause of conflict.
Juergensmeyer (1993:1-8) in response to Huntington’s note arises in religious nationalism to deal with corruption, excessive material and the decline in moral values and state inefficiency.
However, the relationship between religion and conflict is in-fact, a complex one.  Mc Ternan (2003:20) noted two possible perspectives on the role of religion in conflict. One, people either exaggerate religion’s role, denouncing it as the root cause of all conflict or they deny that ‘real’ religion could be responsible in any way for discriminate violence. Mc Ternan observes that a historical overview of both Christianity and Islam show that Nigerians were having peace before they were imported.

1.2     CONFLICT RESOLUTION
The first is that provided in the constitution, the government in Nigeria have obligation for the maintenance of peace and security. Dialogue as a means should be used in settlement of ethnic and religious conflict violence. The NYSC should be used to legislate national unity and integration into existence in Nigeria, founded in 1973 which provided for one year youth service by graduate of tertiary institutions in states other than their own. More use of ethnic, sub-ethnic and communal balancing in the country. National poverty eradication programme should serve both as an intervention as well as coordinative institution of poverty alleviation in Nigeria.

1.3     CAUSE OF CHRISTIAN-ISLAMIC CONFLICT IN NIGERIA
Poverty and illiteracy which is attributed to reason for unemployment and corruption, Nigeria is rated the 12th poorest nation in the world.
Human rights violation as the moral principle of just and fair treatment of the individual person, group. Obasi Igwe (2005:165) out-listed such rights: discrimination on ground of race, colour, sex, language, religion, origin, etc. jihad is one of the practices that have been responsible for majority of the Christian-Islamic uprising in the country. It is a holy war fought by Muslims. Anyika (2007:168-169) the prophet enjoined his followers to apply force if need be in the task of converting infidels. Islam insist that Sharia is a pure law revealed by God, therefore, humans cannot tamper with it.



CHAPTER TWO
EFFECT OF CONFLICT IN NIGERIA SOCIETY
2.1     Religious Society
One obvious reason is identified as religious in tolerance in Nigeria; Nigeria is dominated by world’s most powerful religion; Christianity and Islam. Every other issue is treated alongside this issue in line political economics, social issues in Nigeria is treated along this two distinct documentation among Christians and Muslims. Each group cum section picked fault in what the other did resulting into violence or conflict. Camilus (2010:14) asserted that of ethno-religious intolerance in our society could largely be attributed to the level of ignorance prevalent among followers of the different religions.

2.2     Sociological Factor
One major sociological factor responsible for Christian conflict is the flagrant disregard of moral uprightness among rank and files in Nigeria. Agi (1987:14) conclude that the immoral sector is not the illetrate, sthe mass of workers or farmers nor the youths who are reacting to the example to the society. The most immoral are the elite, be they in government, teaching, business, professional military, religion or police force. Theodore Reesevert has observed that to educate a man in mind and not in moral is to educate a menace to the society.
Despite the proliferation of religious institutions, crime rate rather sour instead decline because the illiterate masses formed the ready recruit of half baked religious teachers sowing seeds of discord among various religious sects. Some of the pastorate are not well grounded in the scriptures.

2.3     Political Sect
Religious practices have been highly politicized especially which has resulted to the chaotic situation in Nigeria. Christians and other groups protesting on how one or two groups are using the nation’s wealth for meeting their religious needs. Adeyemi (2006:17) opines that the introduction of Sharia legal system fear into the whole farce while the Muslims justify it as dividend of democracy, Christians see it as contrary to the spirit of secularism as found in the constitution 1979/1999 that no country should adopt one religion.



CHAPTER THREE
THE IMPACT OF CHRISTIANITY IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION
 3.1    Religious Impact
The Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN) has continued to fight on the infringing of human  rights especially the Christians. It threatens to boycott the 2006 population census if religion and ethnicity are not included. They faulted the federal government anti-corruption crusade describing it as not all encompassing in 1998 when the nation is preparing for election and handover, Christians took it upon themselves to preach against rigging, killing, hijacking of election and violence just for things to go well.

3.2     Economic Impact
CAN has made it known that the main aim of the church or Christians is to evangelize to better the whole condition of both the spiritual, material and physical needs which the members are concerned about. Christian Association of Nigeria sometime arbitrate for member churches in dispute, produce drug for the wider society. It is also working on a well balanced Christian education that will protect the morality of the nation (Peter 1986).

3.3     Political Impact
Christian Association of Nigeria sometimes ago invited a German preacher, Reinhard Bonnke to come and preach and pray for the situation Nigeria is undergoing. They have not left any stone unturned in making sure Nigeria is not Islamized. They are sure that peace will reign in Nigeria by calling for a religious dialogue. Ekwunife (1992:10) opine that the involvement of government in sectorial issues like aligning with a particular religious group can cause political instability in the country.

3.4     Social Impact
Back in history, we have accounted in Acts 3:34, 2 Corinthians 8 and 9, James 2:1-12, how the early Christians care for the oppressed, needy, marginalized, etc. they help in securing peace for the least members of the society by appealing to the conscience of the people through ethical teachings. As Okwueze rightly say, Christians in answer to the lord’s injunction that ‘happy are those who seek for peace as god will call them His children’ (Matthew 5:9) has been seriously involved in securing world peace in any part of the world.



CHAPTER FOUR
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Seeing that intolerance, hatred and discrimination are the causes of religious conflict. Considering also what Christians have done in trying to restore peace, all should join hands together. The researcher suggests that ecumenism should be the pursuit of these different religions. Actually ‘ecumenism’ means the trend towards unity among Christian churches. But in this term paper, the writer wants to use it as a trend towards unity among religions.
This means bringing out those care and unifying elements stressing move on them e.g peace, love, unity, tolerance, etc all these virtues are found in all these religions in Nigeria which are to be practiced not judging the best and the right relation.
Again, dialogue in a case study of Nigeria will help matters. This will create a forum where the different religions will come to an agreement to what should be done and by each group. As Chukwulozie rightly pointed out.
Dialogues, in fact are now the order of the day among world religions and wherever people want to get along meaning fully together (Chukwulozie 1986:10).
We have noted that the seed of the religious conflict was quietly sown through the agencies of colonialism. This emanated from pragmatic act made in these religions by their adherents to secure political, economic, social and religious profit or position in the society and also differences in believes and practices.
Christian conflict is the most dangerous experience in Nigeria, and that any country that embrace on it scarcely survive, we should avoid it. The freedom of religion and worship as we have seen in the case of Nigeria, is just a mere joke and harder to disseminate, and entrust the fundamental human right to the citizen of the country according to lay.
Also Christians should continue in their effort as been the peace makers of the this country, as Christ has commanded them ‘Be ye lovers of peace’ Okwueze suggests that the south, mainly Christians try to use Christianity to ride into political platform, while the north, thickly dominated by Muslims claim the superiority over the south religion and generates problem in Nigeria.   



BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chukwulozie, V. C. Christian Muslim dialogue in Nigeria. Ibadan: Daystar Press, 1986
Ibenwa and Ngele O. K. (2010) ‘Religion ethnicity and peaceful co-existence in Nigeria’ in Nnodozie O. U. and Uzuegbunam A. O. (ed) in issues in peace and conflict studies and other social science. Beams express Ltd. Bells Books.
Okwueze, M. I. (1995) ‘Religion and conflict in Nigeria revisited’ in J. I. Onuoha and J. O. C. Ozioko (ed) Contemporary issues in social sciences 15 – 177, Enugu Acena Publishers.
Okwueze M. I. ‘Ethic, Religion and Society’. Biblical traditional and contemxoray Nigeria perspectives. Lagos: Merit Intl Publishers 2004
Ekwunife, A. N. O. ‘Politics and religious Intolerance’. Enugu: Snaap Press limited 1992.
Camilus (2010) ‘Church and Conflict’ (not published)
Agi, J. E. 1987 ‘The influence of Religion politics in Nigeria, Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow’ in S. Dugbemi (ed) alternative political features for Nigeria. Lagos, Nigeria Political Science Education.
Peter B. C. (1986) ‘West Africa and Christianity’ London: Edward and Arnold Limited.
Huntington S. P. (1996) ‘The clash of civilization and the remarking of world order’. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc.
Juergensneya M. (1993) The new cold war. ‘Religious Nationalism confronts the secular’. Beckley: University of California Press.
M. C. Ternan O. 2010 ‘Violence in God’s name’. Religion in the age of conflict. London. Darton, Longman and Todd Ltd.
Igwe O. 2005. Politics and globe dictionary. Abia Eagle Publishers.

Anyika F. (2005) ‘Islam Genesis, an early spread to Africa.’ Issue in Humanistic study (ed) Afro-Hub Publishers. Nsukka.

CHRISTIAN ATTITUDE TOWARDS CONFLICT

INTRODUCTION
The development of any society must be attributed to the impact the different Christians that existed in them contributed. The Christian must have both material and spiritual backup in order to stand very well.
It must have essential ingredients for its development. Such ingredients are justice, love and peace. These are the qualities that cannot be imposed by force but with low and gentle approach. They cannot exist in a nation if they do not exist in the heart of men and in the minds of people of that nation especially the Christians. Many have asked whether there are positive roles of Christianity in the society towards conflict, and it has shown that Christianity teaches how to have deep faith in God. Man learns through Christianity an obligation to himself, to his fellow human beings, towards his society or nation he belong towards conflict.
According to Ibenwa, etal (2010:132) ‘ethnic and religious crises persisted in Nigeria because of lack of political will by our leaders to bring the perpetrators to book. During conflict, Christians tends to unite individuals, communities and nations under one umbrella. They believe in the virtue of ‘thou shall love your neighbout as yourself’ as a strong Christian slogan that should be regarded as number one law during conflict.



1.1     RELIGION AND CONFLICT
Samuel Huntington (1996:254) argues that in the post cold war era, cultural and religious differences replace ideologies as the more probable cause of conflict.
Juergensmeyer (1993:1-8) in response to Huntington’s note arises in religious nationalism to deal with corruption, excessive material and the decline in moral values and state inefficiency.
However, the relationship between religion and conflict is in-fact, a complex one.  Mc Ternan (2003:20) noted two possible perspectives on the role of religion in conflict. One, people either exaggerate religion’s role, denouncing it as the root cause of all conflict or they deny that ‘real’ religion could be responsible in any way for discriminate violence. Mc Ternan observes that a historical overview of both Christianity and Islam show that Nigerians were having peace before they were imported.

1.2     CONFLICT RESOLUTION
The first is that provided in the constitution, the government in Nigeria have obligation for the maintenance of peace and security. Dialogue as a means should be used in settlement of ethnic and religious conflict violence. The NYSC should be used to legislate national unity and integration into existence in Nigeria, founded in 1973 which provided for one year youth service by graduate of tertiary institutions in states other than their own. More use of ethnic, sub-ethnic and communal balancing in the country. National poverty eradication programme should serve both as an intervention as well as coordinative institution of poverty alleviation in Nigeria.

1.3     CAUSE OF CHRISTIAN-ISLAMIC CONFLICT IN NIGERIA
Poverty and illiteracy which is attributed to reason for unemployment and corruption, Nigeria is rated the 12th poorest nation in the world.
Human rights violation as the moral principle of just and fair treatment of the individual person, group. Obasi Igwe (2005:165) out-listed such rights: discrimination on ground of race, colour, sex, language, religion, origin, etc. jihad is one of the practices that have been responsible for majority of the Christian-Islamic uprising in the country. It is a holy war fought by Muslims. Anyika (2007:168-169) the prophet enjoined his followers to apply force if need be in the task of converting infidels. Islam insist that Sharia is a pure law revealed by God, therefore, humans cannot tamper with it.



CHAPTER TWO
EFFECT OF CONFLICT IN NIGERIA SOCIETY
2.1     Religious Society
One obvious reason is identified as religious in tolerance in Nigeria; Nigeria is dominated by world’s most powerful religion; Christianity and Islam. Every other issue is treated alongside this issue in line political economics, social issues in Nigeria is treated along this two distinct documentation among Christians and Muslims. Each group cum section picked fault in what the other did resulting into violence or conflict. Camilus (2010:14) asserted that of ethno-religious intolerance in our society could largely be attributed to the level of ignorance prevalent among followers of the different religions.

2.2     Sociological Factor
One major sociological factor responsible for Christian conflict is the flagrant disregard of moral uprightness among rank and files in Nigeria. Agi (1987:14) conclude that the immoral sector is not the illetrate, sthe mass of workers or farmers nor the youths who are reacting to the example to the society. The most immoral are the elite, be they in government, teaching, business, professional military, religion or police force. Theodore Reesevert has observed that to educate a man in mind and not in moral is to educate a menace to the society.
Despite the proliferation of religious institutions, crime rate rather sour instead decline because the illiterate masses formed the ready recruit of half baked religious teachers sowing seeds of discord among various religious sects. Some of the pastorate are not well grounded in the scriptures.

2.3     Political Sect
Religious practices have been highly politicized especially which has resulted to the chaotic situation in Nigeria. Christians and other groups protesting on how one or two groups are using the nation’s wealth for meeting their religious needs. Adeyemi (2006:17) opines that the introduction of Sharia legal system fear into the whole farce while the Muslims justify it as dividend of democracy, Christians see it as contrary to the spirit of secularism as found in the constitution 1979/1999 that no country should adopt one religion.



CHAPTER THREE
THE IMPACT OF CHRISTIANITY IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION
 3.1    Religious Impact
The Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN) has continued to fight on the infringing of human  rights especially the Christians. It threatens to boycott the 2006 population census if religion and ethnicity are not included. They faulted the federal government anti-corruption crusade describing it as not all encompassing in 1998 when the nation is preparing for election and handover, Christians took it upon themselves to preach against rigging, killing, hijacking of election and violence just for things to go well.

3.2     Economic Impact
CAN has made it known that the main aim of the church or Christians is to evangelize to better the whole condition of both the spiritual, material and physical needs which the members are concerned about. Christian Association of Nigeria sometime arbitrate for member churches in dispute, produce drug for the wider society. It is also working on a well balanced Christian education that will protect the morality of the nation (Peter 1986).

3.3     Political Impact
Christian Association of Nigeria sometimes ago invited a German preacher, Reinhard Bonnke to come and preach and pray for the situation Nigeria is undergoing. They have not left any stone unturned in making sure Nigeria is not Islamized. They are sure that peace will reign in Nigeria by calling for a religious dialogue. Ekwunife (1992:10) opine that the involvement of government in sectorial issues like aligning with a particular religious group can cause political instability in the country.

3.4     Social Impact
Back in history, we have accounted in Acts 3:34, 2 Corinthians 8 and 9, James 2:1-12, how the early Christians care for the oppressed, needy, marginalized, etc. they help in securing peace for the least members of the society by appealing to the conscience of the people through ethical teachings. As Okwueze rightly say, Christians in answer to the lord’s injunction that ‘happy are those who seek for peace as god will call them His children’ (Matthew 5:9) has been seriously involved in securing world peace in any part of the world.



CHAPTER FOUR
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Seeing that intolerance, hatred and discrimination are the causes of religious conflict. Considering also what Christians have done in trying to restore peace, all should join hands together. The researcher suggests that ecumenism should be the pursuit of these different religions. Actually ‘ecumenism’ means the trend towards unity among Christian churches. But in this term paper, the writer wants to use it as a trend towards unity among religions.
This means bringing out those care and unifying elements stressing move on them e.g peace, love, unity, tolerance, etc all these virtues are found in all these religions in Nigeria which are to be practiced not judging the best and the right relation.
Again, dialogue in a case study of Nigeria will help matters. This will create a forum where the different religions will come to an agreement to what should be done and by each group. As Chukwulozie rightly pointed out.
Dialogues, in fact are now the order of the day among world religions and wherever people want to get along meaning fully together (Chukwulozie 1986:10).
We have noted that the seed of the religious conflict was quietly sown through the agencies of colonialism. This emanated from pragmatic act made in these religions by their adherents to secure political, economic, social and religious profit or position in the society and also differences in believes and practices.
Christian conflict is the most dangerous experience in Nigeria, and that any country that embrace on it scarcely survive, we should avoid it. The freedom of religion and worship as we have seen in the case of Nigeria, is just a mere joke and harder to disseminate, and entrust the fundamental human right to the citizen of the country according to lay.
Also Christians should continue in their effort as been the peace makers of the this country, as Christ has commanded them ‘Be ye lovers of peace’ Okwueze suggests that the south, mainly Christians try to use Christianity to ride into political platform, while the north, thickly dominated by Muslims claim the superiority over the south religion and generates problem in Nigeria.   



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